The former player: 'I wanted to continue my rugby career'
Warning: This article contains details of racially offensive comments and conduct
Ex-England centre Luther Burrell states that going public to expose racial discrimination in rugby union led his career to an early conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell characterized racism as being "widespread" in the sport, showing digital communications and recalling training ground "comments" he had been exposed to while representing Newcastle.
At that time 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with guest team the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to retire because of what happened," he told media outlets.
"I hoped to continue competing, of course I did. I pursued that, and it fell through when news came out that there were inquiries underway.
"This situation was challenging - I had to just accept the outcome and understand that this whole process is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization report in 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "likely correct", but stated it could not gather sufficient evidence to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014-15, but was surprisingly excluded for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told journalists he also faced discrimination within the England set-up, during a Test career that saw him win 15 appearances after his debut in 2014.
"I have had several distressing experiences within the national team," he stated.
"Certain instances of discrimination and other just old-school mentality that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become accepted in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"It's something that has been dressed up as humour and that's been the problem that I've myself experienced and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican descent.
"Over a period of time you just begin to believe that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not malicious, but that's incorrect."
Burrell says he was finally motivated to go public after a team-mate at Newcastle called him as a "enslaved person" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his arms and legs "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's revelations had led to "a deeper look at the environment within the elite game and to the introduction of an action plan for the professional game."
"We has given significant attention on inclusion and diversity in rugby union and a substantial amount of work completed both before and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his experiences of racism and classism," it added.
"The organization are continuing work with clubs and partners in the elite level to strive for a environment of acceptance but acknowledge this takes time and is an continuous effort."
All Premiership and PWR club now has face-to-face training on building inclusive cultures, with its success tracked via specific documentation and surveys.
All England athletes, including age-grade squads, are educated in being "engaged observers" to step in and defend others from damaging behaviour.
"You be so pleased of what you have accomplished," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film about his experiences.
"I know it has had this impact on you and ended your career, but in our eyes, you have done so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's dad Geoff died shortly after the production of the documentary, and his sister passed away earlier this year.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more accessible.
His 12 Foundation works to reach young people in disadvantaged communities and help them thrive on and off the pitch with complimentary sports training, mentoring and dietary education.
"My intentions are genuine, I want to see the progress of the sport and if nobody else is prepared to share their experience then I'll persist to fight that fight because I'm not just doing this for my own benefit," he said.
"We have an responsibility to make the game as excellent as it can be and the longer I talk about it perhaps the more confident others will feel about discussing their own experiences as well.
"I need to take the bull by the opportunity and keep carrying this banner and keep supporting this weight and accomplish what I can to create opportunities and make the sport more appealing and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of economic hardship and I sincerely believe that rugby has the potential to transform their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a return to former club Northampton in late 2022